N\u00eb fund t\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb 18-t\u00eb grat\u00eb n\u00eb Europ\u00eb filluan t\u00eb k\u00ebrkonin gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb shum\u00eb t\u00eb drejta. Q\u00eb n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb ato filluan t\u00eb merrnin pjes\u00eb n\u00eb aksione revolucionare, sidomos n\u00eb Franc\u00eb ku pas revolucionit t\u00eb 1789-\u00ebs, u p\u00ebrgatit mjedisi p\u00ebr t\u00eb drejtat e njeriut, pjes\u00ebmarrjes n\u00eb vendimmarrje dhe t\u00eb drejtat e barabarta. N\u00eb Gjermani, kaloi nj\u00eb gjysm\u00eb shekulli deri sa nj\u00eb num\u00ebr i konsideruesh\u00ebm grash u politizuan dhe filluan t\u00eb artikulonin k\u00ebrkesat e tyre.<\/p>\n
Udh\u00ebrr\u00ebfyesja<\/p>\n
N\u00eb vitin 1843 n\u00eb publik u shfaq nj\u00eb grua me emrin Louise Otto-Peters, e cila e thoshte hapur mendimin e saj. Doktrina e saj ishte q\u00eb pjes\u00ebmarrja e grave n\u00eb interes t\u00eb shtetit \u201c\u00ebsht\u00eb jo vet\u00ebm e drejt\u00eb, por \u00ebsht\u00eb edhe detyr\u00eb\u201d.<\/p>\n
24 vje\u00e7arja Luise Otto-Peters kishte mbetur jetime n\u00eb mosh\u00ebn 16 vje\u00e7are, dhe si adoleshente u mor vet\u00eb me pun\u00ebt e saj. Mbas vdekjes s\u00eb prind\u00ebrve ajo kishte trash\u00ebguar nj\u00eb pasuri t\u00eb madhe. Ajo realizoi \u00ebndrr\u00ebn e saj p\u00ebr t\u2018u b\u00ebr\u00eb shkrimtare dhe shkruajti poezi, ese, romane social-kritike dhe artikuj gazetaresk\u00eb. K\u00ebto t\u00eb fundit ajo i publikoi me pseudonimin Otto Stern. Ajo i ra n\u00eb sy qeveris\u00eb, e cila u mundua t\u2019i mbyllte goj\u00ebn. Por Louise nuk u n\u00ebnshtrua dhe themeloi n\u00eb vitin 1865 \u201cShoqat\u00ebn e Lajpcigut p\u00ebr arsimimin e grave\u201d.<\/p>\n
N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin vit n\u00eb Lajpcig u zhvillua nj\u00eb konferenc\u00eb e madhe grash. Gazetat shkruajt\u00ebn me p\u00ebr\u00e7mim p\u00ebr \u201cBetej\u00ebn e grave t\u00eb Lajpcigut\u201d, por 120 pjes\u00ebmarr\u00ebset nuk i kushtuan r\u00ebnd\u00ebsi k\u00ebtij fakti. Ato themeluan Shoqat\u00ebn e p\u00ebrgjithshme t\u00eb grave gjermane (ADF), kryetare e t\u00eb cil\u00ebs q\u00ebndroi p\u00ebr 30 vjet rresht, Louise Otto-Peters. Nj\u00eb nism\u00eb fillestare q\u00eb u shoq\u00ebrua me krijimin e shoqatave t\u00eb grave n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb Gjermanin\u00eb.<\/p>\n
Arsim shkollor p\u00ebr vajzat<\/p>\n
Synimi kryesor dhe m\u00eb i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm ishte shkollimi i grave dhe vajzave. Nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb q\u00eb shkollimi p\u00ebrkat\u00ebs i djemve ishte gj\u00eb krejt normale, vajzat nga shtresa pun\u00ebtore duhet t\u00eb fillonin pun\u00ebn n\u00eb mosh\u00eb t\u00eb re p\u00ebr t\u00eb fituar para, kurse vajzat nga familjet borgjeze duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrgatiteshin p\u00ebr jet\u00ebn bashk\u00ebshortore. Vajzat q\u00eb dinin t\u00eb shkruanin dhe t\u00eb lexonin ishin me fat. M\u00ebsuesja Helene Lange e mori n\u00eb dor\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb problem dhe i drejtoi nj\u00eb lutje ministris\u00eb prusiane t\u00eb shkollave. Ajo k\u00ebrkonte p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsimin e shkollimit t\u00eb vajzave, rritjen e ndikimit t\u00eb m\u00ebsueseve n\u00eb edukimin e nx\u00ebn\u00ebseve, p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsimin e arsimimit t\u00eb m\u00ebsueseve. Por luft\u00ebtareve t\u00eb t\u00eb drejtave t\u00eb grave iu desh t\u00eb prisnin gjat\u00eb. N\u00eb fund n\u00eb vitet 1899 dhe 1900 u arrit t\u00eb lejohej pjes\u00ebmarrja e grave n\u00eb universitetet gjermane. Dhe m\u00eb 1908 sistemi i shkollimit t\u00eb vajzave u vu n\u00ebn p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsin\u00eb e shtetit.<\/p>\n
Rritet vet\u00ebdija politike<\/p>\n
E reja Clara Ei\u00dfner shkonte n\u00eb nj\u00eb seminar p\u00ebr m\u00ebsueset n\u00eb Lajpcig kur m\u00ebsoi p\u00ebr themelimin e Shoqat\u00ebs s\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithshme t\u00eb grave gjermane dhe filloi t\u00eb angazhohej n\u00eb shoqat\u00eb. N\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb vler\u00ebsohej si skandaloze fakti q\u00eb ajo jetonte me rusin Ossip Zetkin, pa qen\u00eb e martuar me t\u00eb, mori mbiemrin e tij dhe lindi me t\u00eb dy djem. Duke qen\u00eb edukatore ajo hyri n\u00eb Partin\u00eb socialiste t\u00eb pun\u00ebs, partin\u00eb q\u00eb m\u00eb von\u00eb u kthye n\u00eb Partin\u00eb Socialdemokrate dhe filloi t\u00eb luftonte p\u00ebr t\u00eb drejtat e barabarta t\u00eb grave si n\u00eb profesion, ashtu edhe n\u00eb shoq\u00ebri. Ajo themeloi revist\u00ebn e gruas \u201cBarazia\u201d. Clara Ei\u00dfner \u2013 Zetkin \u00ebsht\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsuese e l\u00ebvizjes proletare t\u00eb grave, dhe ndryshe nga l\u00ebvizja borgjeze e grave, n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb l\u00ebvizje kishim t\u00eb b\u00ebnim kryesisht me t\u00eb drejtat e grave pun\u00ebtore.<\/p>\n
Me nism\u00ebn e marr\u00eb m\u00eb 1910 p\u00ebr nj\u00eb dit\u00eb nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare t\u00eb grave, ajo inicioi nj\u00eb dit\u00eb p\u00ebr luft\u00ebn e barazis\u00eb s\u00eb grave, demokracin\u00eb, paqen dhe socializmin. Kjo dit\u00eb filloi t\u00eb festohet p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb n\u00eb vitin 1911. N\u00ebn moton \u201cJepini grave t\u00eb drejt\u00ebn e vot\u00ebs!\u201d<\/p>\n
E drejta p\u00ebr t\u00eb marr\u00eb pjes\u00eb n\u00eb politik\u00eb<\/p>\n
Bashk\u00ebluft\u00ebtare q\u00eb k\u00ebrkonin t\u00eb drejt\u00ebn e vot\u00ebs p\u00ebr grat\u00eb n\u00eb Gjermani ishin edhe Anita Augspurg dhe partnerja me t\u00eb cil\u00ebn bashk\u00ebjetonte, Lida Gustava Heymann. Ato kishin themeluar n\u00eb vitin 1902 shoqat\u00ebn gjermane \u201cP\u00ebr t\u00eb drejt\u00ebn e grave p\u00ebr t\u00eb votuar\u201d. Augspurg dhe Heymann ishin m\u00eb pak paqedash\u00ebse se sa \u201cmotrat\u201d e tjera gjermane. Ato k\u00ebrkonin t\u2019i fitonin t\u00eb drejtat e tyre duke p\u00ebrdorur t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtat mjete brutale q\u00eb p\u00ebrdornin Suffragetten n\u00eb Angli, q\u00eb i shoq\u00ebruam k\u00ebrkesat e tyre duke ushtruar presion me grev\u00eb urie, vandaliz\u00ebm dhe demostrata t\u00eb m\u00ebdha.<\/p>\n
Augspurg studionte juridik n\u00eb Zvic\u00ebr, gj\u00eb q\u00eb ishte e paimagjinueshme n\u00eb Gjermanin\u00eb e shekullit t\u00eb 19-t\u00eb. Ajo mori doktoratur\u00ebn dhe kishte k\u00ebshtu njohurit\u00eb e duhura juridike p\u00ebr t\u00eb luftuar p\u00ebr reforma n\u00eb parlamentin gjerman.<\/p>\n
Lufta dha frute<\/p>\n
Nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb filluan bashk\u00ebpunimet me shoqata n\u00eb vendet e tjera europiane, l\u00ebvizja e suffragetteve n\u00eb Angli ishte forcuar aq shum\u00eb, saq\u00eb askush nuk mund ta anashkalonte. Nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb q\u00eb grat\u00eb n\u00eb Holland\u00eb dhe Skandinavi kishin vite q\u00eb lejoheshin t\u00eb votonin, grat\u00eb n\u00eb Gjermani, Austri, Poloni dhe Angli prit\u00ebn deri n\u00eb vitin 1918 p\u00ebr t\u00eb marr\u00eb t\u00eb drejt\u00ebn e vot\u00ebs, n\u00eb vende t\u00eb tjera prit\u00ebn edhe m\u00eb shum\u00eb.<\/p>\n
M\u00eb 30 n\u00ebntor 1918, gati tri jav\u00eb pas p\u00ebrfundimit t\u00eb Luft\u00ebs s\u00eb Par\u00eb Bot\u00ebrore, qeveria e re gjermane \u201ce Rajhut\u201d, njoftoi: \u201cT\u00eb gjitha zgjedhjet p\u00ebr institucionet publike duhen zhvilluar sipas s\u00eb drejt\u00ebs s\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithshme, t\u00eb barabart\u00eb, t\u00eb fsheht\u00eb, dhe direkte t\u00eb vot\u00ebs, n\u00eb baz\u00eb t\u00eb sistemit proporcional t\u00eb votimit t\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb personave mashkullor\u00eb dhe fem\u00ebror\u00eb t\u00eb mosh\u00ebs mbi 20 vje\u00e7.\u201d<\/p>\n
Ky ligj i ri u zbatua p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb pak m\u00eb von\u00eb, n\u00eb janar 1919.\/ DW<\/p>\n
The post 8 Marsi\/ Ikonat e l\u00ebvizjes emancipuese t\u00eb gruas n\u00eb Gjermani<\/a> appeared first on www.lexo.al<\/a>.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" N\u00eb fund t\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb 18-t\u00eb grat\u00eb n\u00eb Europ\u00eb filluan t\u00eb k\u00ebrkonin gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb shum\u00eb t\u00eb drejta. Q\u00eb n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb ato filluan t\u00eb merrnin pjes\u00eb n\u00eb aksione revolucionare, sidomos n\u00eb Franc\u00eb ku pas revolucionit t\u00eb 1789-\u00ebs, u p\u00ebrgatit mjedisi p\u00ebr t\u00eb drejtat e njeriut, pjes\u00ebmarrjes n\u00eb vendimmarrje dhe t\u00eb drejtat e barabarta. N\u00eb […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":0,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8778","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zennihost.com\/test\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8778","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zennihost.com\/test\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zennihost.com\/test\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zennihost.com\/test\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8778"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/zennihost.com\/test\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8778\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zennihost.com\/test\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8778"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zennihost.com\/test\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8778"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zennihost.com\/test\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8778"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}