Borxhet e marra nga Shqip\u00ebria socialiste prej Kin\u00ebs n\u00eb vitet 1960\u20131975, t\u00eb llogaritura n\u00eb vler\u00ebn e sotme, arrijn\u00eb n\u00eb vler\u00ebn rreth 10 miliard\u00eb USD. Kjo shum\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e p\u00ebraf\u00ebrt me borxhin publik prej 11 miliard\u00ebsh q\u00eb ka vendi sot.<\/p>\n
Klasa politike e koh\u00ebs tregoi qartazi se nuk ka njohuri ekonomike, madje as minimale. Kopjoi verb\u00ebrisht industrializimin e r\u00ebnd\u00eb nga ish-Bashkimi Sovjetik, Kina.<\/p>\n
Kopjoi kolkoz\u00ebt, kooperativat e fshatin q\u00eb rrethon qytetin, k\u00ebrkoi t\u00eb prodhohej \u00e7do gj\u00eb brenda vendit, nj\u00eb kuadrat 300 km x 100 km, e nj\u00eb popullsi prej 3 milion\u00eb banor\u00ebsh.<\/p>\n
Pa rrug\u00eb e infrastruktur\u00eb komunikimi moderne, shqiptar\u00ebt jetonin pothuaj t\u00eb gjith\u00eb n\u00eb mjerim, t\u00eb paditur se \u00e7far\u00eb ndodhte p\u00ebrtej kufijve, por t\u00eb mbytur nga propaganda, e cila krahasonte arritjet e sistemit me ato t\u00eb mbret\u00ebris\u00eb p\u00ebrpara shum\u00eb dekadave.<\/p>\n
Kleringu ishte shp\u00ebtimi p\u00ebr sistemin, jep domate e merr kamion\u00eb \u201cSkoda\u201d. Eksporto speca, kastravec\u00eb p\u00ebr \u201cFiate\u201d polake. Kleringu, a shitjet mall me mall nga sistemi socialist \u00ebsht\u00eb i ngjash\u00ebm me historin\u00eb e m\u00ebm\u00eblig\u00ebs (qull misri p\u00ebr ata q\u00eb nuk e din\u00eb).<\/p>\n
Fshatar\u00ebt rumun\u00eb n\u00eb territorin, i cili ishte n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb n\u00eb var\u00ebsi t\u00eb Turqis\u00eb duhej t\u00eb paguanin taksa te feudal\u00ebt lokal\u00eb q\u00eb i mblidhnin ato p\u00ebr vete dhe p\u00ebr sulltanin.<\/p>\n
Fshatar\u00ebt ishin t\u00eb varf\u00ebr, nuk kishin para dhe i paguanin taksat me mis\u00ebr q\u00eb m\u00eb pas shitej n\u00eb treg. Me koh\u00eb, ata krijuan nj\u00eb lloj misri t\u00eb hidhur, i cili nuk shitej dhe taksidar\u00ebt feudal\u00eb nuk ua merrnin.<\/p>\n
K\u00ebshtu fshatar\u00ebt mund ta mbanin t\u00eb gjith\u00eb prodhimin vet\u00eb, pa hequr pjes\u00ebn e agave. P\u00ebr f\u00ebmij\u00ebt e fshatar\u00ebve, ushqimi ishte aq i keq sa e quanin n\u00ebn\u00ebn \u201cm\u00ebma e lig\u00eb\u201d q\u00eb i ushqente me vet\u00ebm me at\u00eb hidh\u00ebsir\u00eb.<\/p>\n
\u201cGjorgjan\u201d e quanin misrin q\u00eb b\u00ebheshin buk\u00ebt q\u00eb hanin kooperativist\u00ebt shqiptar\u00eb, vinte nga farat q\u00eb Stalini ia kishte dh\u00ebn\u00eb E. Hoxh\u00ebs q\u00eb Shqip\u00ebria t\u00eb zhvillonte bujq\u00ebsin\u00eb.<\/p>\n
Por, mjaft me histori t\u00eb larg\u00ebta. Historia e af\u00ebrt \u00ebsht\u00eb se Shqip\u00ebria e pas \u201990-s, i njohu borxhet e socializmit dhe deri pak vite m\u00eb par\u00eb ka vazhduar t\u00eb paguaj\u00eb p\u00ebr shlyerjen e tyre.<\/p>\n
Politikan\u00ebt shpesh mendojn\u00eb se mund t\u00eb jen\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb fort\u00eb se tregu, edhe pse tregu fiton gjithmon\u00eb, fiton edhe ndaj diktaturave.<\/p>\n
Politika nd\u00ebrton narrativa populiste t\u00eb ngjashme me p\u00ebrrallat e historit\u00eb q\u00eb ato t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb kuptueshme nga publiku, e krijon dhe mekanizma fiskal\u00eb \u201cad hoc\u201d sipas interesave t\u00eb tyre direkte, a grupeve t\u00eb interesit n\u00eb kurriz t\u00eb s\u00eb gjith\u00eb shoq\u00ebris\u00eb.<\/p>\n
E nd\u00ebrsa \u00ebsht\u00eb e drejt\u00eb q\u00eb bizneset e vogla e sidomos fermer\u00ebt t\u00eb ndihmohen lidhur me pagesat e TVSH-s\u00eb t\u00eb cilat n\u00eb fund i paguan dyfish konsumatori, q\u00eb k\u00ebto subjekte t\u00eb marrin si rimbursim t\u00eb TVSH nj\u00eb shum\u00eb prej 20% t\u00eb vler\u00ebs s\u00eb shitjes, kjo e hedh n\u00eb er\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb sistemin e TVSH-s\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjitha bizneset.<\/p>\n
Pse nj\u00eb biznes duhet t\u00eb mbledh\u00eb e t\u00eb shkarkoj\u00eb TVSH kur thjesht kjo mund t\u00eb b\u00ebhet me nj\u00eb fatur\u00eb dore? Kostot e menaxhimit t\u00eb TVSH-s\u00eb p\u00ebr kompanit\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00eb larta, n\u00eb Europ\u00eb mesatarja e koh\u00ebs q\u00eb nj\u00eb biznes duhet t\u00eb harxhoj\u00eb p\u00ebr TVSH-n\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb 68 or\u00eb n\u00eb vit, e luhatet nga 8 or\u00eb n\u00eb Zvic\u00ebr ose nj\u00eb dit\u00eb pune n\u00eb rreth tre jav\u00eb pune q\u00eb duhen n\u00eb Bullgari.<\/p>\n
Shqip\u00ebria konsiderohet si vend me kosto kohore dhe shpenzime t\u00eb tjera, software, hardware, nd\u00ebrlidhje me sistemin edhe m\u00eb t\u00eb larta. P\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb, \u00e7do biznes i formalizuar n\u00eb bujq\u00ebsi subjekt TVSH-je n\u00eb momentin q\u00eb TVSH-ja e rimbursueshme i afrohet 20% do t\u00eb dal\u00eb nga skema dhe do t\u00eb punoj\u00eb me fatura dore.<\/p>\n
\u00cbsht\u00eb jo e leht\u00eb t\u00eb llogaritet mesatarisht sa TVSH paguan nj\u00eb fermer jo subjekt, p\u00ebr prodhimin. Kulturat intensive k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb inpute, mekanike e energji ku paguhet TVSH. \u00c7mimet n\u00eb treg t\u00eb inputeve ndryshojn\u00eb nga viti n\u00eb vit, e po ashtu nafta, energjia.<\/p>\n
Nd\u00ebrsa puna nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb subjekt i TVSH-s\u00eb, ajo nuk mund t\u00eb faturohet si e till\u00eb, t\u00eb mblidhet e t\u00eb zbritet tek 20% q\u00eb derdh n\u00eb shtet, ose i k\u00ebrkon shtetit.<\/p>\n
Studimet sidoqoft\u00eb lejojn\u00eb t\u00eb nd\u00ebrtohet nj\u00eb p\u00ebrqindje e p\u00ebraf\u00ebrt, duke synuar q\u00eb kompensimi t\u00eb jet\u00eb sa m\u00eb af\u00ebr vler\u00ebs reale, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb mos ket\u00eb mbipages\u00eb ose n\u00ebnpages\u00eb. N\u00eb Shqip\u00ebri nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb nj\u00eb studim i till\u00eb dhe as ka metodik\u00eb si t\u00eb p\u00ebrdit\u00ebsohet.<\/p>\n
E nd\u00ebrsa kjo mund t\u00eb duket e lart\u00eb, fermer\u00ebt spanjoll\u00eb n\u00eb ndryshim nga ata shqiptar\u00eb, paguajn\u00eb taksim individual progresiv mbi t\u00eb ardhurat gj\u00eb e cila e ul kufirin real t\u00eb rimbursimit t\u00eb shpenzimeve q\u00eb njihen si t\u00eb ardhura personale.<\/p>\n
Nga ana tjet\u00ebr, p\u00ebr t\u00eb kompensuar k\u00ebt\u00eb kthim parash n\u00eb bizneset e vogla bujq\u00ebsore, t\u00eb cilat jan\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme p\u00ebr ekonomin\u00eb spanjolle, niveli normal i TVSH-s\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb 21%. \u00cbsht\u00eb e mundshme q\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb paguajn\u00eb m\u00eb shum\u00eb taksa n\u00eb blerje p\u00ebr t\u00eb kompensuar TVSH p\u00ebr ushqimin dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb nxitur prodhimin dhe eksportet.<\/p>\n
Pesha e bujq\u00ebsis\u00eb n\u00eb Prodhimin e P\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm (GDP) t\u00eb Spanj\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb nivelin e 2,7%. Ekonomia tjet\u00ebr ka hap\u00ebsir\u00eb dhe mund\u00ebsi t\u00eb financoj\u00eb me subvencione dhe politika fiskale bujq\u00ebsin\u00eb.<\/p>\n
FAO llogarit se n\u00eb Shqip\u00ebri, vlera e inputeve kundrejt vler\u00ebs s\u00eb prodhimit \u00ebsht\u00eb 28% p\u00ebr fermat e vogla deri n\u00eb 0,5 hektar dhe 25% p\u00ebr fermat 1.6 hektar\u00eb. FAO thot\u00eb se p\u00ebrkat\u00ebsisht 54% dhe 17% sipas madh\u00ebsis\u00eb m\u00eb sip\u00ebr p\u00ebrdorin pleh\u00ebrim, se 11% dhe 23% kan\u00eb mekanik\u00eb t\u00eb motorizuar, nd\u00ebrsa vaditja n\u00eb 49% dhe 30%.<\/p>\n
Bazuar n\u00eb k\u00ebto t\u00eb dh\u00ebna dhe duke konsideruar nj\u00eb ferm\u00eb q\u00eb p\u00ebrdor shum\u00eb inpute, ka mekanik\u00eb, ka investime e t\u00eb tjera me TVSH si p.sh vaditje me pika, plastmas\u00eb, sh\u00ebrbime, etj., mund t\u00eb mb\u00ebrrijm\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb raport t\u00eb jo vet\u00ebm t\u00eb inputeve, por dhe investimeve t\u00eb larta kundrejt vler\u00ebs s\u00eb prodhimit, n\u00eb 50% p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilin \u00ebsht\u00eb paguar TVSH nga nj\u00eb fermer, raport ky i ul\u00ebt, por p\u00ebr thjesht\u00ebsi.<\/p>\n
N\u00ebse nj\u00eb fermer shet prodhim me vler\u00eb 100 Lek\u00eb, ai ka paguar m\u00eb par\u00eb rreth 15% TVSH (fara, plehra, 10%, t\u00eb tjerat 20%) p\u00ebr 50 lek\u00eb inpute q\u00eb nevojiten, ose 7,5 lek\u00eb p\u00ebr TVSH -n\u00eb.<\/p>\n
N\u00eb total TVSH-ja teorike e paguar nga nj\u00eb ferm\u00eb jo subjekt, e cila p\u00ebrdor shum\u00eb inpute dhe investime me TVSH \u00ebsht\u00eb rreth 7.5% e vler\u00ebs s\u00eb prodhimit. P\u00ebr fermat q\u00eb p\u00ebrdorin pak inpute dhe investime, kjo vler\u00eb reduktohet mjaft dhe mesatarja v\u00ebshtir\u00eb t\u00eb arrij\u00eb n\u00eb 5%.<\/p>\n
Si mund t\u00eb b\u00ebhet ndryshe, p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb k\u00ebrkohet reduktimi i TVSH-s\u00eb s\u00eb inputeve, i mekanik\u00ebs dhe t\u00eb tjerave p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjith\u00eb fermer\u00ebt q\u00eb nuk jan\u00eb subjekt i TVSH-s\u00eb dhe \u00ebsht\u00eb hapi m\u00eb i mir\u00eb. Hapi tjet\u00ebr po aq i mir\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb q\u00eb fermat t\u00eb ndihmohen, t\u00eb rriten e t\u00eb b\u00ebhen subjekte t\u00eb TVSH-s\u00eb reale.<\/p>\n
Farat, plehrat kimike jan\u00eb q\u00eb tani me TVSH t\u00eb reduktuar n\u00eb 10% dhe inpute t\u00eb tjera e kan\u00eb madje TVSH-n\u00eb zero. Politika q\u00eb mbulon t\u00eb gjith\u00eb fermat dhe fermer\u00ebt, me inpute dhe investime me tvsh minimale, \u00ebsht\u00eb e drejt\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjith\u00eb, nuk krijon mbi pagesa e n\u00ebn pagesa dhe \u00ebsht\u00eb e thjesht\u00eb, e qart\u00eb p\u00ebr fermer\u00ebt.<\/p>\n
Nj\u00eb nga arsyet q\u00eb skemat e m\u00ebparshme t\u00eb rimbursimit u mbyll\u00ebn ishte abuzimi. Por edhe n\u00eb rast se abuzime nuk do t\u00eb ndodhin, kur skema mbikompenson nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb e drejt\u00eb. Mbikompensimi do t\u00eb nxis\u00eb edhe m\u00eb shum\u00eb prodhimin p\u00ebr eksport.<\/p>\n
Nuk ka asgj\u00eb t\u00eb keqe q\u00eb eksportet t\u00eb rriten p\u00ebr sa koh\u00eb ne nuk subvencionojm\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb fshehur q\u00eb praktikisht domatet e vendit t\u00eb eksportohen lir\u00eb dhe konsumatori vendas t\u00eb blej\u00eb m\u00eb shtrenjt\u00eb domate importi, t\u00eb cilat do t\u00eb z\u00ebvend\u00ebsojn\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb prodhim.<\/p>\n
K\u00ebtu futen edhe k\u00ebrkesa p\u00ebr standardet dhe besueshm\u00ebria e konsumatorit n\u00eb prodhimin vendas.<\/p>\n
Duke parashtruar q\u00eb kompensimi mesatar teorik i TVSH-s\u00eb llogaritet af\u00ebrsisht n\u00eb 5-6% p\u00ebr nj\u00eb aktivitet tipik bujq\u00ebsor, n\u00ebse normat e kompensimit do t\u00eb jen\u00eb dyfish apo trefish si\u00e7 propozohet, kjo do ta shtremb\u00ebroj\u00eb tregun, si dhe do t\u00eb ndryshoj\u00eb aktor\u00ebt vendimmarr\u00ebs e politik\u00ebb\u00ebr\u00ebsit real\u00eb t\u00eb prodhimit t\u00eb ushqimit n\u00eb Shqip\u00ebri.<\/p>\n
K\u00ebto shifra jan\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb larta se subvencionet direkte t\u00eb qeveris\u00eb p\u00ebr bujq\u00ebsin\u00eb dhe zhvillimin rural dhe n\u00eb rastin e par\u00eb jan\u00eb dyfish i tyre.<\/p>\n
P\u00ebr shum\u00eb njer\u00ebz mund t\u00eb mos jet\u00eb problem sepse mund t\u00eb thon\u00eb edhe shteti i keqp\u00ebrdor subvencionet, por edhe ky \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb keqp\u00ebrdorim, sepse njeh si t\u00eb drejt\u00eb q\u00eb subjekte private t\u00eb kompensojn\u00eb me para publike m\u00eb shum\u00eb se sa \u00ebsht\u00eb paguar m\u00eb par\u00eb privatisht.<\/p>\n
E p\u00ebrs\u00ebri mbetet teorike se fermer\u00ebt do t\u00eb kompensohen me 100% t\u00eb norm\u00ebs mbi \u00e7mimin e shitjes, sepse n\u00eb nj\u00eb treg eksporti konkurrues ku shitjet jan\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebshtira, jo shum\u00eb larg realitetit t\u00eb p\u00ebrditsh\u00ebm dhe \u00e7far\u00eb pritet me luft\u00ebn e tarifave, kjo norm\u00eb do t\u00eb sh\u00ebrbej\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb ulur \u00e7mimin e blerjes p\u00ebr t\u00eb kapur treg.<\/p>\n
Prodhimet bujq\u00ebsore kan\u00eb afat t\u00eb shkurt\u00ebr shitjeje e n\u00eb munges\u00eb t\u00eb kontratave, si\u00e7 jan\u00eb aktualisht t\u00eb gjith\u00eb fermer\u00ebt ose do t\u00eb pranosh \u00e7mimin e dh\u00ebn\u00eb, ose malli do t\u00eb mbetet pa shitur.<\/p>\n
Politikat q\u00eb rrisin mb\u00ebshtetjen direkte publike p\u00ebr bujq\u00ebsin\u00eb dhe zhvillimin rural mund t\u00eb din\u00eb m\u00eb pak se \u00e7far\u00eb k\u00ebrkon tregu i dit\u00ebs, por lidhen m\u00eb mir\u00eb me ecurin\u00eb, zhvillimet q\u00eb k\u00ebrkon tregu si dhe u p\u00ebrgjigjen m\u00eb mir\u00eb krizave e t\u00eb papriturave.<\/p>\n
Modelet tregojn\u00eb se rritja graduale e subvencioneve direkte n\u00eb dyfishin e atyre ekzistuese kompenson fermer\u00ebt p\u00ebr TVSH-n\u00eb e inputeve, e se ato krijojn\u00eb investime, nxisin eksportet dhe shitjet n\u00eb tregun e brendsh\u00ebm, si dhe nuk ndikojn\u00eb n\u00eb TVSH-n\u00eb q\u00eb mblidhet n\u00eb nivel komb\u00ebtar.<\/p>\n
Por, kjo nuk zgjidh p.sh. problemet q\u00eb kemi me proteinat, p\u00ebr at\u00eb sasi mishi e qum\u00ebshti q\u00eb duhet t\u00eb prodhojm\u00eb n\u00eb vend dhe q\u00eb ka nevoj\u00eb p\u00ebr subvencione, nuk zgjidh problemet thelb\u00ebsore q\u00eb ka sektori i ullirit, nuk zgjidh problemet me standardet q\u00eb kan\u00eb perimet, nuk krijohet q\u00ebndrueshm\u00ebri, por krijohet var\u00ebsi gjithmon\u00eb e m\u00eb e madhe nga tregu i jasht\u00ebm.<\/p>\n
Paralelisht duke ulur m\u00eb tej TVSH-n\u00eb e inputeve, sh\u00ebrbimeve dhe mekanik\u00ebs. Duke nxitur formalizimin q\u00eb fermat t\u00eb shkojn\u00eb drejt TVSH-s\u00eb, e n\u00eb fund duke reduktuar TVSH e ushqimit p\u00ebr konsumator\u00ebt.<\/p>\n
Ushqimi \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb e drejt\u00eb njer\u00ebzore p\u00ebr t\u00eb gjith\u00eb, \u00e7mimet e arsyeshme e b\u00ebjn\u00eb t\u00eb mundur, por dhe si m\u00ebnyr\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb rritur k\u00ebrkes\u00ebn, p\u00ebr t\u00eb rritur shitjet e prodhimit vendas n\u00eb tregun e brendsh\u00ebm, sepse kjo mbetet sfida m\u00eb e madhe, edhe m\u00eb shum\u00eb se sa eksportet.\/Monitor<\/p>\n
The post Tregu i brendsh\u00ebm, eksportet dhe sfida e kompensimit t\u00eb TVSH-s\u00eb<\/a> appeared first on Lapsi.al<\/a>.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Borxhet e marra nga Shqip\u00ebria socialiste prej Kin\u00ebs n\u00eb vitet 1960\u20131975, t\u00eb llogaritura n\u00eb vler\u00ebn e sotme, arrijn\u00eb n\u00eb vler\u00ebn rreth 10 miliard\u00eb USD. Kjo shum\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb e p\u00ebraf\u00ebrt me borxhin publik prej 11 miliard\u00ebsh q\u00eb ka vendi sot. Nuk do t\u00eb shikojm\u00eb pse dhe si u p\u00ebrdor\u00ebn, nd\u00ebrsa hidrocentralet ishin vepra n\u00eb t\u00eb cilat […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":0,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12749","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zennihost.com\/test\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12749","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zennihost.com\/test\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zennihost.com\/test\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zennihost.com\/test\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12749"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/zennihost.com\/test\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12749\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zennihost.com\/test\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12749"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zennihost.com\/test\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12749"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zennihost.com\/test\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12749"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}